命名實體識別（NER）是最常見的 NLP 任務之一。在本教程中，你將學習如何建立一個完整的 NER 標註介面，包含文本高亮、鍵盤快捷鍵和實體類型選擇。

我們要構建的內容

完成本教程後，你將擁有一個標註介面，標註者可以：

通過點選和拖動來高亮文本片段
分配實體類型（人物、組織、地點等）
使用鍵盤快捷鍵加速標註
編輯或刪除已有標註

前置條件

已安裝 Potato（pip install potato-annotation）
基本的 YAML 知識
待標註的示例文本資料

第1步：配置標註方案

建立 config.yaml 檔案：

yaml

annotation_task_name: "Named Entity Recognition"
 
data_files:
  - data/sentences.json
 
item_properties:
  id_key: id
  text_key: text
 
# Enable span annotation
annotation_schemes:
  - annotation_type: span
    name: entities
    description: "Highlight and label named entities in the text"
    labels:
      - name: PER
        description: "Person names"
        color: "#FF6B6B"
        keyboard_shortcut: "p"
      - name: ORG
        description: "Organizations"
        color: "#4ECDC4"
        keyboard_shortcut: "o"
      - name: LOC
        description: "Locations"
        color: "#45B7D1"
        keyboard_shortcut: "l"
      - name: DATE
        description: "Dates and times"
        color: "#96CEB4"
        keyboard_shortcut: "d"
      - name: MISC
        description: "Miscellaneous entities"
        color: "#FFEAA7"
        keyboard_shortcut: "m"

第2步：準備資料

建立 data/sentences.json，包含你的文本資料：

json

{"id": "1", "text": "Apple Inc. announced that CEO Tim Cook will visit Paris next Tuesday."}
{"id": "2", "text": "The United Nations headquarters in New York hosted delegates from Japan."}
{"id": "3", "text": "Dr. Sarah Johnson published her research at Stanford University in March 2024."}

第3步：新增標註指南

用清晰的指南幫助你的標註者：

yaml

# Add to config.yaml
annotation_guidelines:
  title: "NER Annotation Guidelines"
  content: |
    ## Entity Types
 
    **PER (Person)**: Names of people, including fictional characters
    - Examples: "John Smith", "Dr. Johnson", "Batman"
 
    **ORG (Organization)**: Companies, institutions, agencies
    - Examples: "Apple Inc.", "United Nations", "Stanford University"
 
    **LOC (Location)**: Places, including countries, cities, landmarks
    - Examples: "Paris", "New York", "Mount Everest"
 
    **DATE**: Dates, times, and temporal expressions
    - Examples: "Tuesday", "March 2024", "next week"
 
    **MISC**: Other named entities not fitting above categories
    - Examples: "Nobel Prize", "iPhone", "COVID-19"
 
    ## Annotation Rules
    1. Include titles (Dr., Mr.) with person names
    2. For nested entities, annotate the largest meaningful span
    3. Don't include articles (the, a) in entity spans

第4步：開始標註

啟動你的 NER 任務：

bash

potato start config.yaml

標註工作流程

選擇文本：點選並拖動以高亮一個片段
選擇實體類型：點選標籤按鈕或使用鍵盤快捷鍵
編輯標註：點選已有的 span 進行修改或刪除
提交：完成後按 Enter 或點選提交

第5步：檢視輸出

標註結果以 JSONL 格式儲存：

json

{
  "id": "1",
  "text": "Apple Inc. announced that CEO Tim Cook will visit Paris next Tuesday.",
  "annotations": {
    "entities": [
      {"start": 0, "end": 10, "label": "ORG", "text": "Apple Inc."},
      {"start": 30, "end": 38, "label": "PER", "text": "Tim Cook"},
      {"start": 50, "end": 55, "label": "LOC", "text": "Paris"},
      {"start": 61, "end": 73, "label": "DATE", "text": "next Tuesday"}
    ]
  }
}

更好的 NER 標註技巧

一致的指南：清晰的規則減少分歧
訓練示例：在標註者開始前展示邊緣案例
定期校準：團隊討論困難案例
衡量一致性：使用標註者間一致性來識別問題

下一步

新增訓練階段以引導標註者
設定多標註者以實現冗餘
匯出為 Hugging Face 格式用於模型訓練

需要幫助？檢視我們的 span 標註文件獲取更多詳情。