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Showcase/WorryWords: Word-Anxiety Association via Best-Worst Scaling
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WorryWords: Word-Anxiety Association via Best-Worst Scaling

Rate individual English words on the calmness-anxiety dimension using Best-Worst Scaling. Annotators see a 4-tuple of words and pick the one that most induces anxiety and the one that is most calming; real-valued anxiety-association scores are derived from best-minus-worst counts. This is the annotation design behind WorryWords, the first large-scale word-anxiety association lexicon (44,000+ words, Mohammad, EMNLP 2024), released with translations to 100+ languages.

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Configuration Fileconfig.yaml

This Potato config reproduces the annotation task. Save it as config.yaml and run potato start config.yaml to try it.

yaml
# WorryWords: Word-Anxiety Association via Best-Worst Scaling
# Based on Mohammad (EMNLP 2024), "WorryWords: Norms of Anxiety Association
# for over 44k English Words."
#
# WorryWords places words on a single bipolar dimension:
#   high anxiety (anxiety-inducing) <---> neutral <---> calmness (calming)
#
# Best-Worst Scaling (BWS / MaxDiff) annotation design:
#   - Each item is a tuple of FOUR words.
#   - The annotator picks the word that MOST induces anxiety and the word
#     that is MOST calming (least anxiety-inducing).
#   - Every word appears in several 4-tuples. A real-valued anxiety score is
#     later computed as (proportion chosen most anxiety-inducing) -
#     (proportion chosen most calming), giving fine-grained, reliable norms.
#
# Annotation guidelines:
#   1. Judge the word's typical association with anxiety, out of context.
#   2. "Most anxiety-inducing" = the word that most evokes worry, dread, or
#      unease. "Most calming" = the word that most evokes calm or safety.
#   3. The two picks must be different words.
#   4. Many words are emotionally neutral - within a tuple still choose the
#      relatively most anxiety-inducing and most calming.
#   5. Use Skip for unfamiliar words rather than guessing.

annotation_task_name: "WorryWords Anxiety Association (BWS)"
task_dir: "."

data_files:
  - sample-data.json

item_properties:
  id_key: "id"
  text_key: "prompt"
  text_display_key: "prompt"
  list_display_key: "options"

output_annotation_dir: "annotation_output/"
output_annotation_format: "json"

annotation_schemes:
  - annotation_type: radio
    name: most_anxiety
    description: "Which word MOST induces anxiety (worry, dread, unease)?"
    labels:
      - "Word 1"
      - "Word 2"
      - "Word 3"
      - "Word 4"

  - annotation_type: radio
    name: most_calming
    description: "Which word is MOST calming (least anxiety-inducing)?"
    labels:
      - "Word 1"
      - "Word 2"
      - "Word 3"
      - "Word 4"

allow_all_users: true
instances_per_annotator: 100
annotation_per_instance: 4
allow_skip: true
skip_reason_required: false

Sample Datasample-data.json

json
[
  {
    "id": "ww_001",
    "prompt": "Word 1: biopsy | Word 2: hammock | Word 3: stapler | Word 4: deadline",
    "options": [
      "biopsy",
      "hammock",
      "stapler",
      "deadline"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ww_002",
    "prompt": "Word 1: meadow | Word 2: audit | Word 3: turbulence | Word 4: notebook",
    "options": [
      "meadow",
      "audit",
      "turbulence",
      "notebook"
    ]
  }
]

// ... and 8 more items

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View on GitHub

Clone or download from the repository

Quick start:

git clone https://github.com/davidjurgens/potato-showcase.git
cd potato-showcase/text/emotion-sentiment/worrywords-anxiety-bws
potato start config.yaml

Dataset & paper

Mohammad, EMNLP 2024

Citation (BibTeX)

bibtex
@inproceedings{mohammad-2024-worrywords,
    title = "{W}orry{W}ords: Norms of Anxiety Association for over 44k {E}nglish Words",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Miami, Florida, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.910",
    pages = "16261--16278"
}

Details

Annotation Types

radio

Domain

NLPAffective ComputingMental HealthLexicon Building

Use Cases

Anxiety DetectionLexicon BuildingBest-Worst Scaling

Tags

best-worst-scalingmaxdiffanxietyworrywordscalmness-anxietyword-levelmental-healthmohammademnlp2024

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