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FEVEROUS Structured Fact Verification Annotation

FEVEROUS is a fact-checking dataset of 87,026 Wikipedia claims with evidence drawn from both sentences and table cells. This Potato config reproduces the verdict, evidence, and justification task.

About this dataset

FEVEROUS (Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured information) was built by Rami Aly and colleagues at the University of Cambridge and Amazon, and published at the NeurIPS 2021 Datasets and Benchmarks Track. It also ran as the shared task at the FEVER workshop, EMNLP 2021.

The dataset holds 87,026 claims, each annotated with evidence and a verdict. Evidence is drawn from English Wikipedia (December 2020 dump) and spans both unstructured sentences and structured table cells, headers, captions, and list items. A claim takes 1.4 sentences and 3.3 cells on average to verify, and the corpus is roughly even across text-only, table-only, and combined evidence.

Each claim gets one of three labels: SUPPORTED (56%), REFUTED (39%), or NOT ENOUGH INFO (5%). The task asks an annotator to read a claim, locate evidence across both modalities, and assign the verdict, which makes it a benchmark for retrieval and reasoning over mixed text and tables. Inter-annotator agreement reached a kappa of 0.65.

The Potato config below reproduces this task: a radio scheme for the SUPPORTED/REFUTED/NOT ENOUGH INFO verdict, span selection for marking text and table-cell evidence, and a free-text box for the annotator's justification.

Verified claims
87,026
Verdict labels
SUPPORTED / REFUTED / NOT ENOUGH INFO
Label split
56% / 39% / 5%
Evidence per claim
1.4 sentences, 3.3 table cells
Wikipedia source
December 2020 English dump
Inter-annotator kappa
0.65
Q1: Rate your experience12345Q2: Primary use case?ResearchIndustryEducationQ3: Additional feedback

Configuration Fileconfig.yaml

This Potato config reproduces the annotation task. Save it as config.yaml and run potato start config.yaml to try it.

yaml
# Structured Fact Verification (FEVEROUS)
# Based on Aly et al., NeurIPS 2021
# Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05707
# Dataset: https://fever.ai/dataset/feverous.html
#
# This task requires annotators to verify claims against Wikipedia pages
# containing a mix of unstructured text paragraphs, tables, lists, and
# infoboxes. Unlike simpler fact verification, FEVEROUS demands reasoning
# across multiple evidence modalities simultaneously.
#
# Verdict Labels:
# - SUPPORTS: The page content provides evidence that the claim is true
# - REFUTES: The page content provides evidence that contradicts the claim
# - NOT ENOUGH INFO: The page does not contain sufficient evidence
#
# Evidence Types:
# - text-evidence: Sentences from paragraphs that support/refute the claim
# - table-evidence: Cells or rows from tables containing relevant data
# - list-evidence: Items from bulleted or numbered lists
# - infobox-evidence: Fields from the page's infobox/sidebar
#
# Annotation Guidelines:
# 1. Read the claim carefully and identify all sub-claims within it
# 2. Scan the entire page including text, tables, lists, and infobox
# 3. For each sub-claim, locate the most relevant evidence
# 4. Evidence may come from multiple modalities (e.g., text + table)
# 5. Mark the evidence type for each highlighted span
# 6. Assess whether the combined evidence is sufficient
# 7. Claims requiring information NOT on the page are NOT ENOUGH INFO
# 8. Provide a justification that references specific evidence pieces
#
# Important Notes:
# - A claim can be REFUTED even if some parts are true
# - Multiple evidence types may be needed for a single claim
# - NOT ENOUGH INFO means the page lacks relevant information entirely

annotation_task_name: "Structured Fact Verification (FEVEROUS)"
task_dir: "."

data_files:
  - sample-data.json
item_properties:
  id_key: "id"
  text_key: "claim"

output_annotation_dir: "annotation_output/"
output_annotation_format: "json"

annotation_schemes:
  # Step 1: Overall verdict
  - annotation_type: radio
    name: verdict
    description: "Based on the page content (text, tables, lists), is the claim supported, refuted, or is there not enough information?"
    labels:
      - "supports"
      - "refutes"
      - "not-enough-info"
    keyboard_shortcuts:
      "supports": "s"
      "refutes": "r"
      "not-enough-info": "n"
    tooltips:
      "supports": "The page provides sufficient evidence that the claim is true"
      "refutes": "The page provides evidence that contradicts the claim"
      "not-enough-info": "The page does not contain enough information to verify or refute"

  # Step 2: Evidence type highlighting
  - annotation_type: span
    name: evidence_type
    description: "Highlight evidence in the page content and classify by source type"
    labels:
      - "text-evidence"
      - "table-evidence"
      - "list-evidence"
      - "infobox-evidence"
    label_colors:
      "text-evidence": "#3b82f6"
      "table-evidence": "#22c55e"
      "list-evidence": "#f59e0b"
      "infobox-evidence": "#a855f7"
    tooltips:
      "text-evidence": "Evidence from paragraph text on the page"
      "table-evidence": "Evidence from table cells or rows"
      "list-evidence": "Evidence from bulleted or numbered lists"
      "infobox-evidence": "Evidence from the page infobox or sidebar"
    allow_overlapping: false

  # Step 3: Evidence sufficiency
  - annotation_type: radio
    name: evidence_sufficiency
    description: "How sufficient is the evidence on this page for making a verdict?"
    labels:
      - "sufficient"
      - "partial"
      - "insufficient"
    tooltips:
      "sufficient": "The page contains all evidence needed to conclusively determine the verdict"
      "partial": "The page contains some relevant evidence but not enough for full certainty"
      "insufficient": "The page lacks meaningful evidence related to the claim"

  # Step 4: Justification
  - annotation_type: text
    name: justification
    description: "Explain your verdict and describe which evidence (text, table, list, infobox) you relied on."

annotation_instructions: |
  You will be shown a claim and a Wikipedia page that contains text paragraphs, tables, lists, and/or infoboxes. Your task is to:
  1. Determine whether the page content SUPPORTS, REFUTES, or does NOT provide ENOUGH INFO for the claim.
  2. Highlight evidence spans and classify them by type (text, table, list, or infobox).
  3. Assess whether the evidence you found is sufficient, partial, or insufficient.
  4. Write a justification explaining your verdict and referencing the specific evidence you found.

  Key considerations:
  - Evidence may span multiple modalities (e.g., a name in text and a date in a table).
  - A claim with partially correct information may still be REFUTED if key details are wrong.
  - If the page simply does not address the claim, choose NOT ENOUGH INFO.

html_layout: |
  <div style="padding: 15px; max-width: 900px; margin: auto;">
    <div style="background: #fffbeb; border-left: 4px solid #f59e0b; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 4px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
      <strong style="color: #92400e;">Claim:</strong>
      <span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6;">{{claim}}</span>
    </div>
    <h3 style="color: #1e40af; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 2px solid #dbeafe; padding-bottom: 6px;">{{page_title}}</h3>
    <div style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px; background: #f9fafb;">
      {{page_content}}
    </div>
  </div>

allow_all_users: true
instances_per_annotator: 50
annotation_per_instance: 2
allow_skip: true
skip_reason_required: false

Sample Datasample-data.json

json
[
  {
    "id": "feverous_001",
    "claim": "Albert Einstein was born in Germany and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect.",
    "page_content": "<p>Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 - 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. He is best known for developing the theory of relativity.</p><table style='border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:12px 0;'><tr style='background:#dbeafe;'><th style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Field</th><th style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Value</th></tr><tr><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Born</td><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>14 March 1879, Ulm, Kingdom of Wurttemberg, German Empire</td></tr><tr><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Died</td><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>18 April 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, USA</td></tr><tr><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Nationality</td><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>German (1879-1896), Swiss (1901-1955), American (1940-1955)</td></tr><tr><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Field</td><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Physics</td></tr></table><p>Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.</p>",
    "page_title": "Albert Einstein",
    "source": "Wikipedia"
  },
  {
    "id": "feverous_002",
    "claim": "The Amazon River is the longest river in South America and flows through Brazil, Peru, and Colombia.",
    "page_content": "<p>The Amazon River is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world compared to the Nile.</p><table style='border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:12px 0;'><tr style='background:#dbeafe;'><th style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Attribute</th><th style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Details</th></tr><tr><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Length</td><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>6,400 km (3,976 mi)</td></tr><tr><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Basin area</td><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>7,000,000 km2</td></tr><tr><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>Discharge</td><td style='border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px;'>209,000 m3/s</td></tr></table><p>The Amazon basin covers parts of several countries:</p><ul><li>Brazil (60%)</li><li>Peru (13%)</li><li>Colombia (10%)</li><li>Bolivia</li><li>Ecuador</li><li>Venezuela</li><li>Guyana</li></ul><p>It is the longest river in South America and second longest in the world after the Nile, although some measurements place it as the longest.</p>",
    "page_title": "Amazon River",
    "source": "Wikipedia"
  }
]

// ... and 8 more items

Get This Design

View on GitHub

Clone or download from the repository

Quick start:

git clone https://github.com/davidjurgens/potato-showcase.git
cd potato-showcase/text/tabular/feverous-structured-factcheck
potato start config.yaml

Dataset & paper

Aly et al., NeurIPS 2021

Citation (BibTeX)

bibtex
@inproceedings{aly2021feverous,
    title = "{FEVEROUS}: Fact Extraction and {VER}ification Over Unstructured and Structured information",
    author = "Aly, Rami  and Guo, Zhijiang  and Schlichtkrull, Michael  and Thorne, James  and Vlachos, Andreas  and Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and Cocarascu, Oana  and Mittal, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)",
    year = "2021",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05707"
}

Details

Annotation Types

radiospantext

Domain

NLPFact VerificationInformation Extraction

Use Cases

Fact VerificationEvidence ExtractionMulti-modal Reasoning

Tags

fact-verificationfeverousstructured-unstructuredneurips2021wikipediaevidence-extraction

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