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Argument Reasoning Comprehension (ARCT)

Identify implicit warrants in arguments. Based on Habernal et al., NAACL 2018 / SemEval 2018 Task 12. Given a claim and premise, choose the correct warrant that connects them.

About this dataset

The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task, introduced by Ivan Habernal, Henning Wachsmuth, Iryna Gurevych, and Benno Stein at NAACL-HLT 2018, tests whether a reader can identify the implicit warrant that links a premise to a claim. An argument here has three parts: a claim, a premise (the reason), and a warrant, which is the unstated assumption that makes the reason support the claim. Given a claim, a premise, and two candidate warrants, the task is to pick the warrant under which the argument holds.

The dataset was built from authentic arguments found in news comments. The authors developed a scalable crowdsourcing methodology to reconstruct plausible warrants systematically, producing warrant pairs in which one option supports the claim and the other leads to the opposite conclusion. The same dataset was used for the SemEval-2018 Task 12 shared task.

The corpus contains roughly 2,000 arguments. Each item pairs a claim and premise with two warrant options. The dataset and methodology are released under a free license.

The Potato config below reproduces this task with a radio scheme for choosing between Warrant A and Warrant B, a 1-5 Likert scale for annotator confidence, and a second radio scheme for rating overall argument strength. The warrant choice mirrors the original task; the confidence and quality ratings are additions for capturing annotator certainty and perceived argument strength.

Arguments
~2,000
Warrant options per item
2
Argument components
Claim, Premise, Warrant
Data source
News comments
Venue
NAACL-HLT 2018 (pp. 1930-1940)
Also ran as
SemEval-2018 Task 12
Q1: Rate your experience12345Q2: Primary use case?ResearchIndustryEducationQ3: Additional feedback

Configuration Fileconfig.yaml

This Potato config reproduces the annotation task. Save it as config.yaml and run potato start config.yaml to try it.

yaml
# Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task (ARCT)
# Based on Habernal et al., NAACL 2018 / SemEval 2018 Task 12
# Paper: https://aclanthology.org/N18-1175/
# Dataset: https://github.com/UKPLab/argument-reasoning-comprehension-task
#
# Arguments have three components:
# - Claim: The conclusion being argued for
# - Premise (Reason): Evidence or reasoning supporting the claim
# - Warrant: The implicit assumption connecting premise to claim
#
# Example:
# Claim: "We should ban plastic bags"
# Premise: "Plastic bags pollute the ocean"
# Warrant: "Things that pollute the ocean should be banned" (implicit!)
#
# Task:
# Given a claim and premise, identify which of two possible warrants
# correctly connects them. Both warrants are plausible but lead to
# different conclusions.
#
# Annotation Guidelines:
# 1. Read the claim and premise carefully
# 2. Identify what assumption would make the argument valid
# 3. Choose the warrant that, combined with the premise, supports the claim
# 4. The other warrant should lead to a CONTRADICTING claim
# 5. Consider logical coherence, not personal opinion

annotation_task_name: "Argument Reasoning Comprehension"
task_dir: "."

data_files:
  - sample-data.json
item_properties:
  id_key: "id"
  text_key: "argument"

output_annotation_dir: "annotation_output/"
output_annotation_format: "json"

annotation_schemes:
  # Step 1: Select correct warrant
  - annotation_type: radio
    name: warrant_choice
    description: "Which warrant correctly connects the premise to the claim?"
    labels:
      - "Warrant A"
      - "Warrant B"
    tooltips:
      "Warrant A": "The first warrant option"
      "Warrant B": "The second warrant option"

  # Step 2: Confidence in choice
  - annotation_type: likert
    name: confidence
    description: "How confident are you in your choice?"
    min_value: 1
    max_value: 5
    labels:
      1: "Guessing"
      2: "Somewhat uncertain"
      3: "Moderately confident"
      4: "Confident"
      5: "Very confident"

  # Step 3: Argument quality
  - annotation_type: radio
    name: argument_quality
    description: "How strong is this argument overall?"
    labels:
      - "Very weak"
      - "Weak"
      - "Moderate"
      - "Strong"
      - "Very strong"
    tooltips:
      "Very weak": "The reasoning is fundamentally flawed"
      "Weak": "The argument has significant gaps"
      "Moderate": "The argument is reasonable but not compelling"
      "Strong": "The argument is well-reasoned"
      "Very strong": "The argument is highly compelling"

allow_all_users: true
instances_per_annotator: 50
annotation_per_instance: 3
allow_skip: true
skip_reason_required: false

Sample Datasample-data.json

json
[
  {
    "id": "arct_001",
    "claim": "Schools should require students to wear uniforms.",
    "premise": "Uniforms reduce visible economic differences between students.",
    "warrant_a": "Reducing visible economic differences promotes equality and reduces bullying.",
    "warrant_b": "Students should be free to express themselves through clothing choices.",
    "argument": "CLAIM: Schools should require students to wear uniforms.\nPREMISE: Uniforms reduce visible economic differences between students.\n\nWarrant A: Reducing visible economic differences promotes equality and reduces bullying.\nWarrant B: Students should be free to express themselves through clothing choices."
  },
  {
    "id": "arct_002",
    "claim": "Cities should invest more in public transportation.",
    "premise": "Public transportation reduces traffic congestion.",
    "warrant_a": "Reducing traffic congestion improves quality of life and productivity.",
    "warrant_b": "People prefer the convenience of private vehicles.",
    "argument": "CLAIM: Cities should invest more in public transportation.\nPREMISE: Public transportation reduces traffic congestion.\n\nWarrant A: Reducing traffic congestion improves quality of life and productivity.\nWarrant B: People prefer the convenience of private vehicles."
  }
]

// ... and 4 more items

Try it live — no install

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View on GitHub

Clone or download from the repository

Quick start:

git clone https://github.com/davidjurgens/potato-showcase.git
cd potato-showcase/text/argumentation-stance/argument-reasoning
potato start config.yaml

Dataset & paper

Habernal et al., NAACL 2018

Citation (BibTeX)

bibtex
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2018-argument,
    title = "The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task: Identification and Reconstruction of Implicit Warrants",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan and Wachsmuth, Henning and Gurevych, Iryna and Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/N18-1175",
    pages = "1930--1940"
}

Details

Annotation Types

likertradio

Domain

NLPArgumentationReasoning

Use Cases

Argument MiningReasoningCritical Thinking

Tags

argumentationwarrantsreasoningnaacl2018semevalcomprehension

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